The Most Critical Area Of Learning Needs For Students With...

The most critical area of learning needs for students with autism are communication, self-care and daily living skills, social skills, basic academic skills (literacy and numeracy), self regulation and self direction, independent functioning in the community and employability. (Westwood 2007, p. 25) Contemporary literacy learning for students with autism therefore needs to reflect the seven areas, however, students will not be motivated to learn if their point of entry is not coupled with student interests and delivered with an inclusive and positive, strength based approach. The educator will need to conduct research and possibly undertake a field trip to the student’s home so that the student’s family culture becomes known to the educator as all children have virtual schoolbags that are full but only some children get the opportunity to make use of what’s inside during their school lives (Comber and Kamler 2004). Wood (2005, p. 3) says â€Å"critical litera cy in the social world of students is the context for literacy instruction and learning’. Part of being inclusive will be to equip students with autism with mutimodal forms of information that are available so that they can participate in modern times in a modern world (Baker 2006, p. 371). Visual, gestural, kinaesthetic and three dimensional learning play a key role in communicative practices involving awareness of lived cultural practice, global connections, and identity issues and felt emotions (Baker 2010, p. 66).Show MoreRelatedPervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) Essay1651 Words   |  7 Pagestheir routine. PDD is a general category that includes Autism, Asperger’s Syndrome, Rett Syndrome, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, and PDD-NOS. These disorders exhibit a range of patterns and characteristics, proving that no child is the same. While one child may be high-functioning, another may completely lack language skills. 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Some ASD students will receive positive grains from an inclusion curriculum while others will not. Students with ASD needs will benefit from collaborative efforts by school staff, parents and specialized parapr ofessionals (Cox Shopler, 1991). Equally important are the critical elements of structure within a classroom. All components of the student’s environment and educational program should be tailored to meet the particular needs of each student. Students with autism face organizationalRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder Paper866 Words   |  4 PagesAutism spectrum disorder first became a diagnosed disorder when it was described by a psychiatrist named, Leo Kanner in 1943. As a result of a study he conducted involving 11 children, he developed a diagnostic criteria based on observations of repetitive, stereotyped behavior with consistent impairment in social interactions (Volden, 2017). Over time however, autism became synonymous with Asperger’s disorder and pervasive developmental disorder that included similar, but widely different diagnosticRead MoreEssay On Social Justice1369 Words   |  6 Pagesapply to all students. Inclusion is the action of including and being included. Within school systems, i nclusion applies to the student body as a whole; every student should have the opportunity to participate in all aspects of the school experience. Students from different cultures, language barriers, and difficult or atypical home lives are all in need of inclusion based on their specific educational needs. Among these students facing various categories of adversity, one of the most vulnerable

Final Exam Prep Questions Free Essays

1) The term channel in communication means A. the volume at which a message is received B. the context of the communication C. We will write a custom essay sample on Final Exam Prep Questions or any similar topic only for you Order Now the process of changing thoughts into symbols D. the medium through which a message travels from sender to receiver 2) In which of the following communication activities do people spend the greatest percent of their day? A. Listening B. Writing C. Reading D. Speaking 3) A receiver’s response to a sender’s message is called A. encoding B. decoding C. feedback D. channel 4) With this type of response, you analyze or teach the sender about the cause of his or her concern. A. Evaluating B. Interpreting C. Paraphrasing D. Questioning 5) This happens when you receive, construct meaning from, and respond to the sender’s message. A. Hearing B. Attending C. Listening D. Responding 6) When the receiver uses this response style, he clarifies or seeks more information. A. Evaluating B. Supporting C. Paraphrasing D. Questioning 7) Which of the following are the most common types of doubts people may have about a source? A. Status and academic degree B. Occupation and employer C. Prominence in the field of study and experience D. Expertise and accuracy ) Which of the following is the most reliable source of information? A. Wikipedia ® B. A blog C. A book recommended by your instructor D. Britannica Online ® BCOM 275 Final Exam 9) Consider the following exchange: â€Å"How do I know God exists? How do you know he doesn’t? † Which fallacy does the second statement illustrate? A. Perfectionist fallacy B. Slippery slope C. Misplacing the bur den of proof D. Inconsistency ad hominem 10) Stating someone has negative features and his claim is invalid is an example of which fallacy? A. Ad hominem B. Genetic fallacy C. Straw man D. False dilemma Feature Article Fin 486 Final Exam 11) Consider the following statement: â€Å"So what if the Senator accepted a little kickback money—most politicians are corrupt after all. † This is an example of which fallacy? A. Argument from envy B. Argument from tradition C. Argument from common practice D. Straw man BCOM275 Final Exam 12) Consider the following statement: â€Å"Studies confirm what everyone already knows: Smaller class sizes make better learners. † This is an example of which fallacy? A. Argument from common practice B. Begging the question C. Misplacing the burden of proof D. Slippery slope 13) Audience analysis should occur at what point in the creation of a message? A. Once feedback is received B. Before the message is sent C. Before the message is created D. After selecting the channel 14) Behavior descriptions should meet which of the following criteria? A. Present inferences about another’s motives. B. Describe only observable behaviors. C. Include terms such as â€Å"never, always, or constantly. † D. Focus on more than one behavior. 15) An effective message should be A. topic-based B. audience-centered C. time-centered D. channel-focused 6) Which informal communication channel involves its own abbreviations to accommodate the limited number of characters available in any given message? A. E-mail B. Text message C. Voicemail message D. Handwritten letters 17) Sound and light waves are an example of which part of the communication model? A. Encoding B. Channel C. Noise D. Decoding 18) In this channel of communication, messages are carri ed by sound and light waves. A. Teleconference B. Voicemail C. Hard copy memos D. Face-to-face 19) A framework for putting all of your information together in a logical sequence is called A. an introduction B. a thesis C. central idea D. an outline 20) Which verbal support breaks down complex processes or concepts into their component parts to ensure understanding? A. Comparisons B. Analyses C. Descriptions D. Definitions 21) What type of language is used when communicating with classmates, coworkers, family, and friends? A. Official B. Informal C. Formal D. Ceremonial 22) The connotation of words such as skinny or thin focuses on the A. actual meaning B. denotative meaning C. emotional meaning D. contextual meaning 23) If you try to persuade your classmates to donate canned goods for the hungry in your community, your topic is one of A. olicy B. fact C. value D. pathos 24) Persuasive topics that attempt to show an audience that something is good, bad, right, or wrong are topics of A. cause-effect B. fact C. value D. policy 25) If you use only a few examples to represent the whole of the conclusion, you are committing this logical fallacy. A. Either/or thinking B. Slippery slope C. Faulty causation D. Hasty generalization 26) What logical fallacy can occur when a speaker focuses on similarities and ignores significant differences? A. Either/or thinking B. Hasty generalization C. Faulty comparison D. Slippery slope 7) When you display ethos in your persuasive presentation, you have A. credibility B. emotion C. evidence D. logic 28) Developing cross-cultural competence includes which of the following? A. Overcoming personal biases B. Walking on eggs C. Separating culture from communication D. Using hot button words 29) An attempt to characterize causes of events to either personalities or external situations is called A. projection B. selective attention C. attribution error D. halo effect 30) Groups that value higher power distance believe relationships are A. individualist B. informal C. hierarchical D. elationship oriented 31) What is the belief that laws are justified if they prevent a person from harming him- or herself known as? A. Offense principle B. Legal moralism C. Harm principle D. Legal paternalism 32) What is the belief that correct moral principles are those accepted by the correct religion known as? A. Religious absolutism B. Virtue ethics C. Religious relativism D. Moral relativism 33) The practice of using a case that has already been decided as a guide when deciding new cases is referred to as A. legal morality B. legal paternalism C. causation principle D. appeal to precedent How to cite Final Exam Prep Questions, Essay examples

Postive influence by a person on my life free essay sample

I got a 90 on this essay it doesnt need any changes unless you want to add more. It is about positive influence by a person on my life By Diamondback For the past eighteen years that I have walked this earth, the most influential person in my life has been my mother. Although the passing of my father deeply affected her, she was still able to persevere and raise me and my siblings to think and act like responsible young men and women. She motivated me to make something more of myself than to sit and become waste on a street corner.My mother played an important role in my life and has always been a positive factor in me growing up. My mother Is my mentor and my friend; these two qualities make her more than a mother. She Is like my guardian angel, always watching every move and keeping me on the right track. We will write a custom essay sample on Postive influence by a person on my life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My mother Is a strong woman and she holds well for a single mother. But, the days that she has to struggle are the days have to stand up and help her by Lifting some of the burdens off her shoulders.My mother has taught me how to not only overcome the death of my father, but also owe to overcome some of the hardships that will affect my life in the future. Being the eldest male in my home, she helps me realize that my brothers look to me for guidance. By emulating her leadership, I often take on some of her roles, such as helping my younger siblings in their schoolwork and leading them away from negatives in their surrounding environment. She sees many great things in me that, at times, are not so obvious to me.She constantly tells me to become something great In life to make her and my dads spirit proud. This encourages me to strive for the best of my abilities. I reflect back to the day of my high school graduation when my mother approached me and told me, Its time. It was weird because it was like a time bomb went off inside of me. I got up and I knew what I had to do. It was time to use the skills she equipped me with and finally become a young man. I wanted to get into college and I wanted to eliminate all my weaknesses and turn them into my strengths, and all of my threats into opportunities.In the future, I see myself taking the reins as patriarch of my family. I believe with my mothers guidance I have the necessary tools to stand against almost anything; she has trained me well. I have overcome deaths, and many more personal struggles. I believe I have what It takes to make It through college because of my angel. My mother has prepared me mentally and spiritually to withstand the trials and tribulations that await me In the future.

Ethical and Professional Issues in Psychology Essay Example

Ethical and Professional Issues in Psychology Essay Example Ethical and Professional Issues in Psychology Essay Ethical and Professional Issues in Psychology Essay Taking a critical view of the qualifications required for administering psychotherapy: shedding light on why the yoga practice and Eastern philosophies are not considered therapies whereas humanism and positive psychology are accredited. Ethical and Professional Issues in Psychology 2/1 1/2014 Clatter-Suzanne sore (561993 (M)) Selene vela (390593 (M)) Emilie coupled (68225 (A)) Introduction Academically, an individual becomes a psychologist after completing a first degree in psychology, a masters program in a specific psychological field, and a further program set to acquire a work warranty as a professional. Furthermore, to be a psychologist, one must encompass 5 cardinal values (PAP, 2010). These values are beneficence and malefaction, fidelity and responsibility, integrity, Justice, respect for peoples rights and dignity (PAP, 2010). Once a psychologist adheres to the aforementioned academic achievements and ethical codes, they are authorized to engage in psychotherapeutic practice. The main focus of this paper will be to analyses the principle of humanism and positive psychology In relation to unaccredited Eastern philosophies and the yoga practice that have synonymous benefits to psychotherapy, but are delivered by different professionals/non-professionals. Initially the focus will be on humanistic psychology and positive psychology, followed by specific values of the humanistic theory in relation to the practice of psychotherapy. This will be followed by an analytic view point of mindfulness based therapies. In addition we will attempt to delve into aspects of how one can quantify the emotional benefit derived from the aforementioned practices, the scientific benefits of the yoga practice, and finally, consider the use of intuition in clinical practice and Eastern philosophy. Humanistic Psychology and Positive Psychology The main objective of humanistic psychology is to aid individuals in achieving the potential within the individual that is present at birth. This highlights and alms to develop dignity and self-worth of each individual, and thus promotes their authenticity (Ragman, 2008). In therapy It Is the clients perception that Is emphasized so that the therapist can fully conceptualize the clients subjective experience of their current Internal state (Corey, 2013). Furthermore, the psychologist that allows self-exploration even after the required therapy sessions have been employed (Corey, 2013). In the same way, positive psychology is a model which highlights the value of being hopeful, spiritual, wise, responsible and resilient in everyday life (Cone Teen, 2010). Positive psychology focuses on the adaptive, creative and intrinsic motivation in the lives of individuals. It is specified to address the optimal functioning of ordinary people and their everyday lives, highlighting their positive attributes not only within themselves but also within the community (Sheldon King, 2001). One of the main shortcomings of such an approach is that the psychologist is required to possess a certain degree of maturity along with life experience, extensive training and comprehensive knowledge of existentialism (Corey, 2013). Thus, one might argue whether the academic achievements achieved through the psychologists previous training are enough to validate the psychotherapeutic methods they offer. In Mascots self-actualization theory he produces a schema that the humanistic biology that makes up an individual is good or neutral. In Mascots hierarchy of needs, this humanistic biology is seen to derive its energy from deficiency needs and growth needs (Rickrack, 2008). The hierarchy starts with a base level of physiological needs, moving on to safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs and finally self-actualization and growth needs. According to Mascots humanistic approach people who are self- actualities are problem-centered, are interested in taking on projects that benefit others and tend to feel a greater sense of personal accomplishment. The character of self-actualities people is generally non-critical, detached from the dominant culture but they adhere to societys rules. Self-actualities people are able to understand heir own shortcomings and are willing to seek assistance or guidance when their personal inventory of knowledge is limited (Rickrack, 2008). If humanistic psychologists view the essentially most developed aspect of an individual to be based on a foundation of six steps that need to be achieved before reaching their full potential, one would argue on how it is possible to have nothing and really have everything. Examples of such a postulation are characters such as Mother Theresa. Thus, adopting a critical perspective, one can argue whether it is actually possible to measure self-actualization. If it not possible to measure self-actualization, then how is humanistic psychology different to eastern philosophy in terms of statistical validity? In the spectrum of therapies used in humanism, mindfulness based therapy is one of the accredited psychotherapeutic domains for psychological intervention. Mindfulness is the concept of being aware of your own cognitive and affective state of mind. Mindfulness allows one to be totally in the present moment, without passing judgment, and maintaining an earnest attitude to their current state and mental processes (Burks Kabobs,2012). When considering mindfulness based psychotherapy, and eastern meditation, the main difference is that mindfulness based psychotherapy can be quantified using MASS and other scales. The MASS measures the amount of instances in which individuals enter a mindful state (Brown Ryan,2003). After mindfulness based psychotherapy, the MASS : Mindful Attention Awareness Scale reveals that this intervention is associated with lower expression of neurotics, anxious and depressive feelings as well as negative affectively. In fulfillment, dignity and self-actualization. Furthermore, it also corresponded to higher autonomy, competency and relatedness; all of which constitute the basic tenets underlying self-determination theory (Brown Ryan, 2003). In addition, mindfulness also corresponds to Openness to experience as explained in the Big Five. However, since openness to experience is in itself indefinable, the validity of mindfulness being a part of the spectrum is open to interpretation (Costa McCrae, 1992; as cited in Brown Ryan, 2003). This means that the essential difference between a psychotherapist initiating mindfulness based psychotherapy and a practitioner of Eastern philosophy initiating meditation is that a psychotherapist has the tools for identifying and interpreting the resulting outcomes of the therapy. Mindfulness- based cognitive therapy (AMBIT) is an intervention derived from Kebab-Zions (1990) 8 week group treatment program aimed at reducing stress, and involves components of cognitive behavioral therapy. The objective of this therapy is for the treatment of depression and to increase awareness of personal and negative thoughts. The therapist assigns specific tasks which enable the client to apply skills learned in the hereby room into the external environment (Corey, 2013). Another mindfulness based approach emphasizes acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) which focuses on increasing non-judgmental awareness and acceptance rather than attempting to alter the individuals cognitive state (Corey, 2013). Consequently, mindfulness highlights the importance of being in the present moment rather than formulating an ideology of self-judgment and criticism (Carson Longer, 2006). In light of this information, one may ask: how can we say that mindfulness based psychotherapy is better or different to meditation? Potential describes meditation as a mental saddens (practice) which leads one to a ashamed paranoia which means a transformation towards tranquility. Meditation is said to lead a person to a balanced state of mind, and to provide spiritual attainment through observation and reflection of oneself (lounger, 2002). An evident distinction in mindfulness based therapies and Buddhist meditation is that the cognitive states when entering the intervention are different and distinct, however the resulting post-meditative state results in the same cognitive mindful awareness (Carson Longer (1989); as cited in Carson Longer, 2006)). This means that both types of intervention are technically different but are essentially leading to the same, focused, therapeutic result. This raises questions as to why psychologists need to be accredited to initiate mindfulness based therapeutic interventions, whereas practitioners of Eastern philosophy are using similar interventions without being regulated. Scientific Evidence of the Benefits of Yoga Derived from Eastern philosophy, Yoga was perceived by Westerns as a path to self- realization. According to Potential, yoga is made up of action, self-discipline, self- duty, and surrender to the divine. The physical (practice) asana focuses on taps; the desire to remove impurities from the body, spirit, and mind. This practice over many years will bring intelligence, and a full, vibrant life (lounger, 2002). The maintenance of the yoga practice provides benefits such as changes in perspective, increased self-awareness, and a general sense of energize motivation to live a positive, fulfilling life (Woodward, 2011). More recently and with the basis of scientific inquiry, Yoga is believed to provide physical and mental health benefits. It has Kandahar Verbally, 2012). The yoga practices combats the physiological fight or flight response in the autonomic nervous system, and thus provides the individual with the tools for dealing effectively with stresses, in order to continue to explore a more balanced state of cognition (Woodward, 2011). The yoga practice has been found to improve psychophysiology in individuals, as well as improve memory, cognition, and general well-being in any individuals life (Albuquerque et al. 2012). It is interesting to note that the scientific evidence provides us with a new perspective on owe we can lead individuals to a state of overall well-being in their life. Thus, if yoga is a practice that can be practiced by anyone, in order to benefit their well-being, and psychology benefits the general well-being of individuals life, then one would ask how ethical it is that psychology is not readily offered to all people, and yet yoga studios and meditation centers are largely available and at only a fraction of the cost of psychotherapy. This being said, among the values of psychology and yoga, one notable distinction is that one who attends a psychotherapeutic session is protected y the law, and their confidentiality and anonymity is preserved throughout treatment. Other techniques derived from particular aspects of the yoga practice are loving-kindness meditation and compassion meditation. Loving-kindness meditation (ELK) is a clinical technique used to instill a sense of profound loving compassion in the client for all those that surround him/her throughout their life (Grossman, Hint Hofmann, 2011). Another technique used in line with ELK is compassion meditation (CM) which is meditation that centers on empathic feelings towards others who have been subject to misfortune in their lives. The result of the therapies together do not necessarily create a compassionate psyche, however, they present the individual with the tools to be curious of their own personal feelings, and cultivate compassion in moments of anger, thus preserving the individuals current state of peace, and not allowing external disturbances to affect the individuals state (Grossman, Hint Hofmann, 2011). This therapy, directly derived from Buddhist tradition allows an individual to cultivate feeling of gratitude and kindness towards oneself, and eventually understanding that these feelings are universal in all human nines, and thus the kindness and compassion is shared with others (Grossman, Hint Hofmann, 2011). Scientific evidence proves that the techniques of ELK and CM are effective interventions when clients are exposed to interpersonal issues, depression, anxiety, problems in their marriage, problems with anger management, and issues relating to the stresses of carving (Grossman, Hint Hofmann, 2011). Considering he physical and emotional benefits of the yoga practice in mind, a grey area arises within the construct of the ethical code for psychologists due to the act that not all psychologists may be informed of the benefits of this practice, and thus may not use these therapies to intervene when these therapies could be the most effective in the situation. This raises issues to whether a clinical practitioner can really be 100% ethical in their practice and choice of treatment. Intuition In clinics, professional psychologists are known to make use of intuitive processing of clinician uses this approach to direct therapeutic intervention and to form cognitions on the clients current situation. Intuition itself can be described as a process of ensign or attaining information from the external environment in order to make an informed decision or postulation about the internal current or future states that will develop within the client. Predisposing factors in the personality of the clinician will lead to a definite bias in the perception of pattern of observed behavior or cognition in clients, which leads to an intuitive Judgment (Welling, 2005). The four main phases of intuitive processing are detection phase (inception of a feeling) (Erik, 1948; as cited in Welling, 2005), dichotomy awareness phase (awareness of feeling), related object hash (cognitive postulation with an unclear emotional state) and metaphorical solution phase (concrete evaluation of emotional processing). When one analyses the intuitive processing that occurs within psychologists one can conclude that the manner in which an intuitive Judgment is formed cannot be quantified and thus cannot be scientifically proven. This lack of empirical evidence raises ethical concerns about whether a clinical psychologist is any better to a practitioner of Eastern philosophy who uses intuition based techniques throughout their practice. This Ewing said, clinicians need to be aware of any ethical dilemmas that may occur within client interactions in order to protect the well-being of their clients. A main issue of concern is that wrong intuitive Judgment can lead to unnecessary treatment processes. Conclusion When one looks at the many different psychological therapies that are based on derivatives of eastern philosophy, one is subject to question how we can devastate eastern philosophy as something that is not scientific and does not feature in a psychotherapeutic setting. It is interesting to note that from such an analytic view mint, it becomes increasingly aware of the possibility of viewing both psychology and eastern philosophy from scientific and unscientific, unaccredited stand points. This postulating raises significant dilemmas in the practice of psychology, as the practitioner needs to always keep informed and analyses their actions carefully in order to conform to ethical codes of conduct and not range into the unscientific aspects of psychology. Essentially, we can conclude that the use of psychotherapeutic methods and their benefits can be perceived and adapted to different cultures, and ore importantly, to individual needs. Thus, it is the prerogative of a qualified psychologist to integrate their academic knowledge, comply with ethical codes, and apply the most effective therapies for the context and always keep the clients best interest as the foundation for the therapeutic process.

Definition of Collective Noun

Definition of Collective Noun Definition: A singular noun that stands for a group of things or beings. In both English and Spanish, collective nouns are commonly used when referring to groups of animals, such as a flock of sheep (un rebaà ±o de ovejas) and a school of fish (un banco de peces). But they are also used in many other contexts as well. It is common to follow a collective noun with the preposition of (de in Spanish) and a plural noun, as in the two examples above, but it is not necessary, especially when the meaning is clear from the context. In standard English, collective nouns, when the subject of a sentence, are typically used with a singular verb: The class of students studies hard. In Spanish, a verb that immediately follows a collective noun is singular: La gente tiene mucho dinero. (The people have a lot of money. Note that this is an example of a Spanish singular noun that normally requires a plural translation in English.) But when there is a plural noun between the collective noun and verb, either a singular or plural verb can be used in everyday speech and writing, with the plural verb probably being more common. Thus you might hear both La bandada de pjaros se acercà ³ (The flock of birds approached, singular verb) and La bandada de pjaros se acercarà ³n (The flock of birds approached, plural verb), with no appreciable difference in meaning. Also known as: Nombre colectivo in Spanish. Examples: group of people (grupo de personas), team (equipo), a score of years (una veintena de aà ±os), den of lions (guarida de leones)

Chosen career Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chosen career - Personal Statement Example Tax advisors are supposed to provide their expert advice to clients who operate in different sectors of the economy. I have an experience as an auditor and I have an experience of working with clients which makes it easier to understand the economy and the corporate world. Taxation can be a complicated career as it requires understanding and interpreting the complex taxation laws and legislations. Taxation advisors stay up-to-date with the changing tax laws and explain their implications in simple terms to their clients. As a tax advisor, I would serve as a corporate tax advisor where I have to ensure that the clients are not paying extra taxes or more than what is necessary. The other type of tax advising is for individuals who have large assets and are subjected to taxes. I chose this career because I believe I have the potential to understand this field and take interest in it to serve the clients. It is very important for tax advisors to have an interest in the field so that they can understand the laws and explain them in simpler terms to the clients. This requires a good understanding and knowledge of the terms and techniques. These clients can be businesses, individuals, partnerships, small or large companies, and estates. They rely on tax advisors to pay their taxes and ensure their security. The firm I currently work in is a large company which has specialization in tax advising. This would allow me to specialize in one field and polish my skills to the best. I would have specialized clients and my concern will be with specialized tax laws on which I can provide a detailed study. I wish to pursue my career as a tax advisor and then operate my own practice as a professional tax advisor. There are several small business owners and low income individuals who get caught with the complexities of tax laws and practices. As a tax advisor, I would be able to help them with their taxes and ensure that they are giving what they should and nothing

Cyber Crime Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Cyber Crime - Literature review Example However, these technologies represent significant costs for communication companies, and ultimately, the general public. With more businesses coming to depend on computers and internet-based systems, attacks on these systems have increased. Such attacks have been considered crimes which covers the application of computer networks, alongside financial scams, hacking, virus attacks, phishing, cyber stalking, and pornography (Li, et al. 2012). In 2000 for instance, the ILOVEYOU virus caused billions of dollars in damage to different computers and companies all over the world (Mishra and Pajrapati, 2013). It was later discovered that two Filipinos were responsible for the creation of the virus. However, since the Philippines, at that time, did not have any cybercrime laws which would have held the perpetrators accountable, the perpetrators were later released (Mishra and Pajrapati, 2013). Regardless of the presence or absence of cybercrime laws however, the apprehension and prosecution o f perpetrators have been made difficult by the nature of the offence, including the complications related to the cyber security awareness and cyber incident reporting (McGuire and Dowling, 2013; KPMG, 2011). This paper shall carry out a literature review of cybercrimes, cyber security awareness, including cyber incident reporting. Related details shall refer to the usual cybercrimes which have gained notoriety and in general, government actions related to cybercrimes, and the challenges presented by cybercrimes and cyber security. According to Gercke (2012) cybercrimes are also considered in relation to computer crimes. Different perspectives have been considered to develop a more encompassing definition and understanding of cybercrimes and computer crimes (Gercke, 2012). Cybercrimes nevertheless have a more specific focus than computer-related crimes, especially as computer-crimes only involve